From Class Today - The Romantic Period of Music

 Guiseppe Verdi
1813 - 1901


 1813 – Born near Busseto (Northern Italy) on October 10
 1832 – Tries to enter Milan Conservatory, but is rejected – studies privately instead
 1839 – First Opera performed in La Scala in Milan
 1840’s – Establishes reputation in Italy with operatic successes: Nabucco, Macbeth, Luisa Miller
 1850’s and 1860’s – International Fame with Rigoletto (1851) Il Trovatore (1853) La Traviata (1853) and Don Carlos (1867)
 1871 – Premiere of Aida commissioned for the opening of the Suez Canal in Cairo
 1887 – Comes out of retirement to write two operas on Shakespearean themes: Otello and Falsatff (1893)
 1901 – Dies in Milan on January 27

Rigoletto Cast
 Rigoletto, the Duke's jester - (baritone)
 Gilda, his daughter - (soprano)
 Duke of Mantua - (tenor)
 Sparafucile, an assassin - (bass)
 Maddalena, his sister - (contralto)
 Giovanna, Gilda's Nurse - (mezzo-soprano)
 Count Ceprano - (bass)
 Countess Ceprano, his wife - (mezzo-soprano)
 Matteo Borsa, a courtier - (tenor)
 Count Monterone - (baritone)
 Marullo - (baritone)


Richard Wagner
 born in Leipzig, Germany in 1813
 he did not master the playing of an instrument – he learned to compose by listening
 not a very good financial manager – constantly in debt – liked living in luxury and privilege – “I can’t live on a miserable organist’s pittance like Bach…”
 he developed a new “German” style of Opera, before which the Italian Opera style had predominated
 Critics constantly attacked his bold experiments in music, calling him a “vandal,” “charlatan,” and melody-hating maniac.”
 he created the leitmotif, a musical theme woven into the rest of the score that helps identify a particular character or episode
 Tannhauser, The Flying Dutchman, Tristan and Isolde, Lohengrin, Die Meistersinger, and The Ring of the Nibelugnen
 Wagner died in Venice, Italy in 1883
 He was buried at Bayreuth
 Wagner gave shape to the desire of the Romantic era for the closest possible connection between music and dramatic expression
 He did away with “arias, duets, choruses, etc. His aim was a continuous flow of music. There was no distinction between “recitative” and “aria;” Rather, there was endless melody…

Tristan und Isolde

Music and Text by Richard Wagner (1813 –1883)
 Tristan, a Cornish Knight, King Mark’s Nephew (TENOR)
 Isolde, an Irish princess (SOPRANO)
 King Mark of Cornwall (BASS)
 Kurwenal, Tristan’s faithful attendant (BARITONE)
 Brangaene, Isolde’s faithful attendant (MEZZO SOPRANO)
 Melot, a Cornish Courtier (TENOR)
 A Shepherd (TENOR)
 A Sailor (TENOR)
 A Helmsman (BARITONE)
 Time: Legendary
 Place: Cornwall, Brittany, and the sea between
 First Performance: Munich June 10, 1865

World Day of Prayer for Migrants and Refugees coming on Sunday

Pope Benedict XVI has called the church to prayer for migrants and refugees throughout the world this Sunday, January 14th. You can read his message for this Day of Prayer by going to http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/messages/migration/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20061018_world-migrants-day_en.html

A prayer for this day follows:

Let us pray.

Mary Most Holy, you, together with St. Joseph and the Child Jesus, experienced the suffering of exile. You were forced to flee to Egypt to escape the persecution of Herod. Today we entrust the men, women and children who live as migrants and refugees to your maternal protection.

Grant us the grace to welcome them with Christian hospitality, so that these brothers and sisters of ours may find acceptance and understanding on their journey.

Teach us to recognize your Son in the migrant who labors to bring food to our tables, in the refugee seeking protection from persecution, war, and famine, in the woman and child who are victims of human trafficking, in the asylum seeker imprisoned for fleeing without documents.

May all those who are far from their place of birth find in the Church a home where no one is a stranger. We ask this in the name of your blessed Son, Jesus, the Lord. Amen.

Atilla meets Pope Leo

For all you Atilla fans, this is the promised photograph of the very location in Northern Italy where Pope Leo the Great convinced Atilla not to attack Rome. Amazing, isn't it? This is taken from Paolo's car as we were driving from his parent's home to Mantua. (You have to read the road sign carefully)



And for those of you who remember one of our former Math/Science teachers, this must be some long lost relatives and their furniture store, also on the road to Mantua. Mr. Ghidotti, where are you? Somewhere surrounded by copper in Arizona?

Habemus Episcopum!!

The Vatican announced this morning that Pope Benedict XVI has named The Most Reverend John C. Wester as the Ninth Bishop of Salt Lake City. We look forward to welcoming our new shepherd and high priest on Tuesday March 13th and Wednesday March 14th. He currently serves as an Auxiliary Bishop to Archbishop Niederauer (the founding Bishop of the Choir School) in San Francisco. Bishop Wester was ordained a Bishop by Cardinal Levada, Prefect of the Vatican Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, who was in attendance at our concert in the Chiesa del Gesu in Roma on November 11th.

Welcome Bishop Wester!

Class Update for Monday 8 January

Church History - The Twelfth Century and the Crusades

Century of growth and richness in many spheres of life
New Religious Orders
Growth of Canon law highlighting the legal machinery of the Church
Church Councils at the Lateran, concerned with reform
The Crusades
Four Major Crusades
#1 1095 – 1099
Primarily French
Preached by Pope Urban II
Jerusalem retaken in July 1099
Establish ‘Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’
#2 1147 – 1149
Response to Islamic Victory
Accomplished nothing
German/French
#3 1189-1192
Jerusalem Captured by Moslems
England, France and Germany
Richard the Lionhearted, Philip Augustus, and Emperor Frederick I (Who drowns on the way)
Settlement which allowed Christian Pilgrims access to the city
#4 1204
Begun from Venice
Total Disaster – they attacked and looted Constantinople (!) rather than save the Holy Lands
Motivation?
Save the Holy Land from the Infidels – Jerusalem the Holy City
Assist Constantinople which was under attack by Moslem Turks
“Path to Salvation...” Ritual of Penitence and Purification
Pilgrimage to place of Jesus’ Life
Effects?
Enormous cost of material and human resources
Italian Cities gain naval control of Mediterranean
Returning warriors brought back knowledge of the East (spices, building styles, etc.)
Gives us insight into the thought and concerns of medieval people.
Other Crusades
Children’s Crusade of 1212
30,000 Children from Germany and France to go to Holy Land
Stopped when Mediterranean Sea did not part for them – sold into slavery, died in a shipwreck or starved
More legend than fact – probably the conflation of two incidents
A group from Germany of about 7,000 crossed the Alps and stopped at Genoa, where the sea failed to part and the crusade fell apart.
A shepherd boy gathers 30,000 at Saint-Denis, where he was seen to work miracles. Crowd disbanded on the advice of University of Paris and the King.
#5 1217 – 1221
#6 1228-1229
#7 1248 – 1254
#8 1270
#9 1271 - 1272
The Twelfth Century
Three double elections for the Papacy (1124, 1130, 1159)
Most powerful leader since Charlemagne emerges – Frederick I ‘Barbarossa’ :1152 – 1190 as Holy Roman Emperor – Constant threat to the independence of the Church
Growth in opposition to the institutional church – many heresies and small groups emerged during the twelfth century
New Religious Orders
Camaldolese approved in 1072 – emphasized austerity (poverty), learning, and ecumenism
Carthusians – begun by St. Bruno – settles in Chartreuse – approved in 1133. Strict in observing monastic life
Cistercians – Robert of Molesme – Citaeux – approval in 1152. Their desire was to observe the Benedictine Rule in its primitive simplicity – so there were sufficient differences between them and the Benedictines to describe them as a new order – much stricter (talking, food, etc)


Music History - Romanticism Continued

John Keats 1795 -1821  Ode on a Grecian Urn

Romantic Ode composed in 1819, based on Roman models
Consists of five stanzas that present a scene, describe and comment on what it shows, and offer a general truth that the scene teaches a person analyzing the scene. Each stanza has ten lines written in iambic pentameter, a pattern of rhythm (meter) that assigns ten syllables to each line.
Iambic refers to a pair of syllables, one unaccented and the other accented. Such a pair is called an iamb.

Quarrel over the meaning of Beauty: is it the skillful imitation of nature, or the capacity of the artist to ‘idealize’ nature?
Naturalists versus Idealists
The ‘Age of Reason’ makes people aware of style and styles – in addition to the Neo-Classical Architecture there is ‘Gothic revival’ and ‘Greek revival’ which appealed to Romantic minds who despaired the power of Reason to reform the world, longing for a return to the ‘Age of Faith.’

Biography Update!!

The following subjects remain assigned:

Atilla the Hun – Maren Erickson
Mohammed – Emi Deiss
Henry IV – Christopher Hunt
Arius – Matthew Yost
Francis – Grace Best-Devereux
Charlemagne – Ned Shelton
Pope Gregory I – Ryan Tani
Justinian – Gabbi(!) Lemanski
Pope Gregory VII – Sarah Palmer
Pepin the Short – Anna Purk
Constantine – Dion Granger
Catherine of Siena – Katherine Maus
Charles Martel – R J Abuyo
Augustine of Hippo – Lizzie Gibbs
Pope Leo I – Erin McDermott
Alcuin of York – Erin Tomas
King Clovis – Joseph Groot
Thomas Aquinas – Madeleine Palm
Augustine of Canterbury – Lucy Colosimo
Martin of Tours – Molly Loveland
Columbanus – Spencer Bienvenue
Theodora – Kira Hoffelmeyer
Ambrose – Jessica Hawkins
Theodosius – Matt White
Photius – Tim Dodge
Boniface – Tina Woltz
Clare – Genevieve Bennett
Benedict – Michael Greenberg
Helena – Lauren Rathbun/Erica A.
Basil – Markus Sharette
Ephraem of Syria – Christian Butler
Columba – Claire Muehleisen
Jerome – Michelle Meyer
Dominic – Rachel Winn
Theodoric – Miles Sharette
Madeleine Ballard - Athanasius
Elliott McGill - Cyril of Jerusalem
David Payne - Pope Nicholas I
Connor Thronson - John Cassian
Patrick Murnin - Avicenna
Nick DeJonge - Bernard of Clairvaux
Daniel Bynum - Gregory of Nanzianzus
Allison Huber - John Chrysostom



Remaining available subjects are:

Egeria
Gregory of Nyssa
Belisarius
Averroes

John Keats 1795 -1821 Ode on a Grecian Urn

-Romantic Ode composed in 1819, based on Roman models
-Consists of five stanzas that present a scene, describe and comment on what it shows, and offer a general truth that the scene teaches a person analyzing the scene. Each stanza has ten lines written in iambic pentameter, a pattern of rhythm (meter) that assigns ten syllables to each line.
-Iambic refers to a pair of syllables, one unaccented and the other accented. Such a pair is called an iamb.


Ode on a Grecian Urn


THOU still unravish'd bride of quietness,

Thou foster-child of Silence and slow Time,

Sylvan historian, who canst thus express

A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:

What leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy shape

Of deities or mortals, or of both,

In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?

What men or gods are these? What maidens loth?

What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?

What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?



Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard

Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on;

Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear'd,

Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone:

Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave

Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare;

Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss,

Though winning near the goal—yet, do not grieve;

She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss,

For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair!



Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed

Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu;

And, happy melodist, unwearièd,

For ever piping songs for ever new;

More happy love! more happy, happy love!

For ever warm and still to be enjoy'd,

For ever panting, and for ever young;

All breathing human passion far above,

That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy'd,

A burning forehead, and a parching tongue.



Who are these coming to the sacrifice?

To what green altar, O mysterious priest,

Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies,

And all her silken flanks with garlands drest?

What little town by river or sea-shore,

Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel,

Is emptied of its folk, this pious morn?

And, little town, thy streets for evermore

Will silent be; and not a soul, to tell

Why thou art desolate, can e'er return.



O Attic shape! fair attitude! with brede

Of marble men and maidens overwrought,

With forest branches and the trodden weed;

Thou, silent form! dost tease us out of thought

As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral!

When old age shall this generation waste,

Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe

Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st,

'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all

Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.'

What did the German philosopher Nietzsche believe these two represent?

Class Review from Thursday 4 January

Church History

Reflection and Prayer as we approach the Solemnity of the Epiphany

Pope St. Leo the Great writes of the challenge that all who follow Christ have to be bearers of light: “The obedience of the star calls us to imitate its humble service: to be servants, as best we can, of the grace that invites all to find Christ. Dear friends, you must have the same zeal to be of help to one another; then, in the kingdom of God, to which faith and good works are the way, you will shine as children of the light.”

After the tragedy of the Great Schism
-Lateran Synod, meeting in April of 1059 deals with the problem of Lay Investiture
-Pope to be chosen by 7 cardinal bishops with the assent of the cardinal priests and deacons
-Cardinals: Senior Clergy of Rome; from word for ‘hinge or joint’; title given to 28 parish priests of the titular churches Rome who also served the five papal basilicas; these priests were the hinges between the See of Peter and the parishes of Rome.
-Clerical marriage was made illegal
-This set of reforms alienated the German Kings as control of the Papacy slipped from their control.

-Pope Gregory VII (1073 – 1085)
-vision of the awesome responsibility and dignity of the papal office
-view of the papacy set out in Dictatus Papae – 27 propositions

Background to the tension between East and West and the Schism
Problems in Constantinople
Byzantine Emperor Leo III (717-741) orders destruction of large icon over the gates of the palace in Constantinople
-Begins the Iconoclast controversy which plagued the Eastern Church for a century
-Iconoclasts wanted the destruction of all icons and statutes, claiming the Old Testament forbade images
-Icondules – those who respected icons and statues – accepted the Old Testament prohibition, and argued that icons and statues were not ‘worshipped’
-Icons and statues were silent sermons, books of the illiterate, and memorials of the mysteries of God.
-The controversy lasted from 726 – 843.
-Emperor Leo also tried to enforce his prohibition on images in the West.
-The Council of Constantinople in 843, under Emperor Michael III, restored the use of Icons and Images – called the ‘Triumph of Orthodoxy.
-But what happened in the West? A Holy Roman Empire begins – this ‘new empire’ causes further tension between East and West

REMEMBER FOR MONDAY – WORKSHEET 010307 DUE


Music History

Introduction to Romanticism
-Historians observe that style in art moves between two poles: the “classic” and the “romantic”
-The “classical” spirit seeks order, poise, and serenity (remember: simple, balanced and non-emotional…)
-The “romantic” spirit longs for strangeness, wonder and ecstasy
-The German philosopher Nietzsche contrasted them through the symbols of Apollo (the god of light and measure) and Dionysius (the god of intoxication and passion.)
-The “classic” versus “romantic” alternation demonstrate two basic impulses in the human spirit: the need for moderation, control, organization versus the need for emotional expression, longing for the unknown or unattainable
-Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late 18th century Western Europe.
-In part a revolt against aristocratic, social, and political norms of the Enlightenment period and a reaction against the rationalization of nature.
-In art and literature it stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror, and the awe experienced in confronting the sublimity of nature.
-It elevated folk art, nature and custom. It was influenced by ideas of the Enlightenment and elevated medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be from the medieval period.
-The name "romantic" itself comes from the term "romance" which is a prose or poetic heroic narrative originating in medieval literature.
-Romanticism in music developed parallel to the Enlightenment, the social revolutions of the 18th and 19th century, developments in both art and literature
-For example, Romantic poets rebelled against the conventional form and matter of their Classical predecessors: they leaned toward the fanciful, picturesque and the passionate (Byron, Shelley, Keats…) Some say that the pronoun “I” made its first appearance in poetry through Romanticism.

FOR MONDAY – CAREFULLY READ JOHN KEATS ODE TO A GRECIAN URN

Biography Subjects Update!

The following biography subjects are assigned:

Atilla the Hun – Maren Erickson
Mohammed – Emi Deiss
Henry IV – Christopher Hunt
Arius – Matthew Yost
Francis – Grace Best-Devereux
Charlemagne – Ned Shelton
Pope Gregory I – Ryan Tani
Justinian – Gabby Lemanski
Pope Gregory VII – Sarah Palmer
Pepin the Short – Anna Purk
Constantine – Dion Granger
Catherine of Siena – Katherine Maus
Charles Martel – R J Abuyo
Augustine of Hippo – Lizzie Gibbs
Pope Leo I – Erin McDermott
Alcuin of York – Erin Tomas
King Clovis – Joseph Groot
Thomas Aquinas – Madeleine Palm
Augustine of Canterbury – Lucy Colosimo
Martin of Tours – Molly Loveland
Columbanus – Spencer Bienvenue
Theodora – Kira Hoffelmeyer
Ambrose – Jessica Hawkins
Theodosius – Matt White
Photius – Tim Dodge
Boniface – Tina Woltz
Clare – Genevieve Bennett
Benedict – Michael Greenberg
Helena – Lauren Rathbun
Basil – Markus Sharette
Ephraem of Syria – Christian Butler
Columba – Claire Muehleisen
Jerome – Michelle Meyer
Dominic – Rachel Winn
Theodoric – Miles Sharette



The following students have requested an already taken subject or have not declared as of yet:

Madeleine Ballard
Nick DeJonge
Allison Huber
Elliott McGill
David Payne
Connor Thronson
Erica Armstrong
Daniel Bynum
Patrick Murnin

Remaining available subjects are:
Cyril of Jerusalem
Egeria
Gregory of Nanzianzus
Gregory of Nyssa
John Cassian
John Chrysostom
Athanasius
Belisarius
Pope Nicholas I
Averroes
Avicenna
Bernard of Clairvaux

!!Forgery Eradicator!!

Looks pretty tough, doesn't he? Well, this is Lorenzo Valla, who in the fifteenth century determined that a very crucial papal document was actually a fraud. What is the document, who is thought to be the real source, and what effect did this document have on church-state relations in the Medieval period? And how do you think this document contributed to the schism between the Orthodox and the Catholic Church? Let me hear from you - Sapere aude!

Update from Today's Classes

Church History

The Donation of Constantine

- A forged document that claims the Emperor Constantine granted Pope Sylvester I (314 – 335) and his successors spiritual supremacy over the other great patriarchates and over all matters of faith and worship, and temporal dominion over Rome and the entire Western Empire.
Given to Sylvester in gratitude for miraculously healing Constantine of leprosy and converting him to Christianity.
-Probably written between 750 and 800 in the Frankish Empire (earliest manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.)
-Alluded to by Pepin the Short, giving the Pope authority to crown him King of the Franks ending the Merovingian Dynasty.
-Used throughout the Medieval Period to claim power for the papacy.
-Used by Pope Leo IX in 1054 in a letter to Michael Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople.
-Lorenzo Valla proved it a forgery in 1440, a controversy that continues until the end of the 18th century.


The Great Schism of 1054
-East (Orthodox) and West (Roman Catholic) continue to grow apart as Pope assumes political responsibilities in the West
-The Pope is seen as an adversary to the Emperor in Constantinople
-Communication problem: East did not know Latin; West did not know Greek
-Filioque Issue
-Date of Easter Issue
-Interpretation of Bishop of Rome as Universal Pastor versus the Patriarch of Constantinople
-Meanwhile in Rome – Problems in the West:
- Lay Investiture
-Simony
-Nepotism
-Pope Leo IX (1049-1054) was a reform pope – he created the “College of Cardinals;” named outstanding reformers as Cardinals; reformed the Clergy; and banned Simony.
-In 1054, Pope Leo IX sent Cardinal Humbert to Constantinople to work out a reconciliation between the Eastern Church (Orthodox) and the Western Church (Roman Catholic) Misunderstandings lead Cardinal Humbert to excommunicate the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, who in turn excommunicates the Pope. In July, Humbert walked into the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and laid a bull of excommunication on the high altar.
-Lateran Synod, meeting in April of 1059 ended the problem of Lay Investiture
-Pope chosen by 7 cardinal bishops with the assent of the cardinal priests and deacons
-Cardinals: Senior Clergy of Rome; from word for ‘hinge or joint’; title given to 28 parish priests of the titular churches Rome who also served the five papal basilicas; these priests were the hinges between the See of Peter and the parishes of Rome.
-Clerical marriage was made illegal

Music History

The Romantic Period of Music History
Understanding the Nineteenth Century
Unprecedented change in Western Society
– World power populations increased by 150%
– Political boundaries of Europe changing
– Colonization
– US goes from outpost to world power

Progress and Dislocation
– Industrial revolution brings profound social, economic and political consequences
– Technological advances in transportation and communication (railroad 1825, telegraph 1837, telephone 1876, phonograph 1877, light bulb 1879)
– Science: increased agricultural yields; smallpox vaccine; microorganisms discovered; X ray
– Millions migrate from countryside to cities
Reaction, Reform and Revolution
– French Revolution (1789) and Napoleon Bonaparte (1804 declares himself Emperor; Waterloo final defeat in 1815)
– Congress of Vienna to draw boundaries of Europe (Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and France)
– 1848-1849 Revolution pressed for more representative government
– Germany and Italy move toward national unification
– New Imperialism (by early 20th century Great Britain controlled 20% of the earth and 25% of the earth’s population)
– Immigration from Europe: The US alone absorbed 20 million people between 1870 and 1910
Enlightenment ideals of equality, religious tolerance, economic freedom and representative government became the standard beliefs of political liberalism
Social dislocations and poverty associated with industrial capitalism brought about another social movement: Marxism and Socialism. Less radical social reforms led to the establishment of trade and labor unions.
1804: Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of France
1815: Napoleon defeated at Waterloo – Congress of Vienna redraws boundaries of Europe
1848/9: Revolutions throughout Europe – liberalization attempts largely suppressed
1848: Marx/Engels The Communist Manifesto
1859: Darwin On the Origin of Species
1861/5: American Civil War
1870/1: Franco-Prussian War ends in French defeat and German unification
1898: Spanish-American War – US gains Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines