Update from Today's Classes

Church History

The Donation of Constantine

- A forged document that claims the Emperor Constantine granted Pope Sylvester I (314 – 335) and his successors spiritual supremacy over the other great patriarchates and over all matters of faith and worship, and temporal dominion over Rome and the entire Western Empire.
Given to Sylvester in gratitude for miraculously healing Constantine of leprosy and converting him to Christianity.
-Probably written between 750 and 800 in the Frankish Empire (earliest manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.)
-Alluded to by Pepin the Short, giving the Pope authority to crown him King of the Franks ending the Merovingian Dynasty.
-Used throughout the Medieval Period to claim power for the papacy.
-Used by Pope Leo IX in 1054 in a letter to Michael Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople.
-Lorenzo Valla proved it a forgery in 1440, a controversy that continues until the end of the 18th century.


The Great Schism of 1054
-East (Orthodox) and West (Roman Catholic) continue to grow apart as Pope assumes political responsibilities in the West
-The Pope is seen as an adversary to the Emperor in Constantinople
-Communication problem: East did not know Latin; West did not know Greek
-Filioque Issue
-Date of Easter Issue
-Interpretation of Bishop of Rome as Universal Pastor versus the Patriarch of Constantinople
-Meanwhile in Rome – Problems in the West:
- Lay Investiture
-Simony
-Nepotism
-Pope Leo IX (1049-1054) was a reform pope – he created the “College of Cardinals;” named outstanding reformers as Cardinals; reformed the Clergy; and banned Simony.
-In 1054, Pope Leo IX sent Cardinal Humbert to Constantinople to work out a reconciliation between the Eastern Church (Orthodox) and the Western Church (Roman Catholic) Misunderstandings lead Cardinal Humbert to excommunicate the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, who in turn excommunicates the Pope. In July, Humbert walked into the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and laid a bull of excommunication on the high altar.
-Lateran Synod, meeting in April of 1059 ended the problem of Lay Investiture
-Pope chosen by 7 cardinal bishops with the assent of the cardinal priests and deacons
-Cardinals: Senior Clergy of Rome; from word for ‘hinge or joint’; title given to 28 parish priests of the titular churches Rome who also served the five papal basilicas; these priests were the hinges between the See of Peter and the parishes of Rome.
-Clerical marriage was made illegal

Music History

The Romantic Period of Music History
Understanding the Nineteenth Century
Unprecedented change in Western Society
– World power populations increased by 150%
– Political boundaries of Europe changing
– Colonization
– US goes from outpost to world power

Progress and Dislocation
– Industrial revolution brings profound social, economic and political consequences
– Technological advances in transportation and communication (railroad 1825, telegraph 1837, telephone 1876, phonograph 1877, light bulb 1879)
– Science: increased agricultural yields; smallpox vaccine; microorganisms discovered; X ray
– Millions migrate from countryside to cities
Reaction, Reform and Revolution
– French Revolution (1789) and Napoleon Bonaparte (1804 declares himself Emperor; Waterloo final defeat in 1815)
– Congress of Vienna to draw boundaries of Europe (Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and France)
– 1848-1849 Revolution pressed for more representative government
– Germany and Italy move toward national unification
– New Imperialism (by early 20th century Great Britain controlled 20% of the earth and 25% of the earth’s population)
– Immigration from Europe: The US alone absorbed 20 million people between 1870 and 1910
Enlightenment ideals of equality, religious tolerance, economic freedom and representative government became the standard beliefs of political liberalism
Social dislocations and poverty associated with industrial capitalism brought about another social movement: Marxism and Socialism. Less radical social reforms led to the establishment of trade and labor unions.
1804: Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of France
1815: Napoleon defeated at Waterloo – Congress of Vienna redraws boundaries of Europe
1848/9: Revolutions throughout Europe – liberalization attempts largely suppressed
1848: Marx/Engels The Communist Manifesto
1859: Darwin On the Origin of Species
1861/5: American Civil War
1870/1: Franco-Prussian War ends in French defeat and German unification
1898: Spanish-American War – US gains Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines