Class Update for Monday 8 January

Church History - The Twelfth Century and the Crusades

Century of growth and richness in many spheres of life
New Religious Orders
Growth of Canon law highlighting the legal machinery of the Church
Church Councils at the Lateran, concerned with reform
The Crusades
Four Major Crusades
#1 1095 – 1099
Primarily French
Preached by Pope Urban II
Jerusalem retaken in July 1099
Establish ‘Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’
#2 1147 – 1149
Response to Islamic Victory
Accomplished nothing
German/French
#3 1189-1192
Jerusalem Captured by Moslems
England, France and Germany
Richard the Lionhearted, Philip Augustus, and Emperor Frederick I (Who drowns on the way)
Settlement which allowed Christian Pilgrims access to the city
#4 1204
Begun from Venice
Total Disaster – they attacked and looted Constantinople (!) rather than save the Holy Lands
Motivation?
Save the Holy Land from the Infidels – Jerusalem the Holy City
Assist Constantinople which was under attack by Moslem Turks
“Path to Salvation...” Ritual of Penitence and Purification
Pilgrimage to place of Jesus’ Life
Effects?
Enormous cost of material and human resources
Italian Cities gain naval control of Mediterranean
Returning warriors brought back knowledge of the East (spices, building styles, etc.)
Gives us insight into the thought and concerns of medieval people.
Other Crusades
Children’s Crusade of 1212
30,000 Children from Germany and France to go to Holy Land
Stopped when Mediterranean Sea did not part for them – sold into slavery, died in a shipwreck or starved
More legend than fact – probably the conflation of two incidents
A group from Germany of about 7,000 crossed the Alps and stopped at Genoa, where the sea failed to part and the crusade fell apart.
A shepherd boy gathers 30,000 at Saint-Denis, where he was seen to work miracles. Crowd disbanded on the advice of University of Paris and the King.
#5 1217 – 1221
#6 1228-1229
#7 1248 – 1254
#8 1270
#9 1271 - 1272
The Twelfth Century
Three double elections for the Papacy (1124, 1130, 1159)
Most powerful leader since Charlemagne emerges – Frederick I ‘Barbarossa’ :1152 – 1190 as Holy Roman Emperor – Constant threat to the independence of the Church
Growth in opposition to the institutional church – many heresies and small groups emerged during the twelfth century
New Religious Orders
Camaldolese approved in 1072 – emphasized austerity (poverty), learning, and ecumenism
Carthusians – begun by St. Bruno – settles in Chartreuse – approved in 1133. Strict in observing monastic life
Cistercians – Robert of Molesme – Citaeux – approval in 1152. Their desire was to observe the Benedictine Rule in its primitive simplicity – so there were sufficient differences between them and the Benedictines to describe them as a new order – much stricter (talking, food, etc)


Music History - Romanticism Continued

John Keats 1795 -1821  Ode on a Grecian Urn

Romantic Ode composed in 1819, based on Roman models
Consists of five stanzas that present a scene, describe and comment on what it shows, and offer a general truth that the scene teaches a person analyzing the scene. Each stanza has ten lines written in iambic pentameter, a pattern of rhythm (meter) that assigns ten syllables to each line.
Iambic refers to a pair of syllables, one unaccented and the other accented. Such a pair is called an iamb.

Quarrel over the meaning of Beauty: is it the skillful imitation of nature, or the capacity of the artist to ‘idealize’ nature?
Naturalists versus Idealists
The ‘Age of Reason’ makes people aware of style and styles – in addition to the Neo-Classical Architecture there is ‘Gothic revival’ and ‘Greek revival’ which appealed to Romantic minds who despaired the power of Reason to reform the world, longing for a return to the ‘Age of Faith.’